Specification

Classical conditioning 
  • The main features of classical conditioning (Pavlovian), including unconditioned stimulus (UCS); unconditioned response (UCR); conditioned stimulus (CS); neutral stimulus (NS); conditioned response (CR); extinction, spontaneous recovery and stimulus generalisation and distribution. 
Operant conditioning
  • The main features of operant conditioning, including types of reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment (positive and negative) and properties of reinforcement (primary, secondary and schedules) including researching Skinner (1948) Superstition in the pigeon. 
Social learning theory 
  • The main features of social learning theory, including observation, imitation, modelling and vicarious reinforcement, attention, retention, motivation and reproduction. 
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development 
  • Freud’s psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital) and the role of the unconscious in the development of personality. 
Therapies/treatments 
  • Systematic desensitisation. 
  • Psychoanalysis, including free association and dream analysis, transference and counter transference, and the object relations school of thought.